Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 12 4 2024 06 21 Comparison of the Effectiveness of Face-to-Face and Virtual Education Using the Comprehensive Citizenship Education Package on Environmental and Sustainable Development Behaviors Comparison of the Effectiveness of Face-to-Face and Virtual Education Using the Comprehensive Citizenship Education Package on Environmental and Sustainable Development Behaviors 85 99 11157 10.30473/ee.2024.69222.2676 FA Elham Irannezhad Ph.D. of Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Ali Mehdad Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Mohsen Golparvar Professor, Department of Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2023 09 13 Considering the unbreakable links between human behavior, environmental health, and the well-being of all species, education for citizenship behavior, the environment, and sustainable development has emerged as a beacon of hope, leading humanity towards a more harmonious relationship with our planet. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual education using a comprehensive package of citizenship education on the environmental and sustainable development behaviors of students. The experimental method employed a four-group design, including two test groups (face-to-face and virtual) and two control groups, with a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up design. Among the students of Azad University of Isfahan in the winter and spring of 2023, 25 individuals who met the desired entry criteria were selected for each group and randomly assigned to 4 groups. Citizenship education was implemented using a researcher-made package with a specialized reliability of 0.93, delivered in person for one group and virtually for another group. Data were collected using the Irannezhad et al. (2023) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test in SPSS software version 26. The findings of this research showed that both face-to-face and virtual education were effective in enhancing environmental behaviors and sustainable development. There was no significant difference between the outcomes of the behaviors resulting from the two educational methods. Considering the unbreakable links between human behavior, environmental health, and the well-being of all species, education for citizenship behavior, the environment, and sustainable development has emerged as a beacon of hope, leading humanity towards a more harmonious relationship with our planet. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual education using a comprehensive package of citizenship education on the environmental and sustainable development behaviors of students. The experimental method employed a four-group design, including two test groups (face-to-face and virtual) and two control groups, with a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up design. Among the students of Azad University of Isfahan in the winter and spring of 2023, 25 individuals who met the desired entry criteria were selected for each group and randomly assigned to 4 groups. Citizenship education was implemented using a researcher-made package with a specialized reliability of 0.93, delivered in person for one group and virtually for another group. Data were collected using the Irannezhad et al. (2023) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test in SPSS software version 26. The findings of this research showed that both face-to-face and virtual education were effective in enhancing environmental behaviors and sustainable development. There was no significant difference between the outcomes of the behaviors resulting from the two educational methods. https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11157_ddcfccfca30e3498e00d95a3f4ff04d5.pdf