Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Agricultural Heritage: A Strategy for Achieving Environmental Sustainability in Rural Tourism Areas (Case Study: Central Rural Areas of Baghmalek and Izeh, Khuzestan Province) Agricultural Heritage: A Strategy for Achieving Environmental Sustainability in Rural Tourism Areas (Case Study: Central Rural Areas of Baghmalek and Izeh, Khuzestan Province) 9 22 4738 FA Amir Naeimi University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Rohollah Rezaei University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Seyyedeh Kosar Mousapour University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2018 06 17 The main purpose of this study was analyzing the relationship between agricultural heritages and environmental sustainability of tourism. Statistical population of the study was rural households in Baghmalek and Izeh township located at Khuzestan province (N=484). Sample size determined via sample size table of Bartlett et al. (2001). (n=218). The proportional stratified sampling method was used for the study of samples. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Content validity of questionnaire revised and verified by a panel of experts. Also, values of discriminant validity (AVE), Cronbach’s Alpha and composite validity were desirable. Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that agricultural heritage has a positive and significant effect (p value=0.01) on the environmental sustainability of tourism. So that agricultural heritage and its components (tangible and intangible heritages) explained 21.3% variation of environmental sustainability. Therefore it is necessary that authorities, planners, and all stakeholders always consider impacts of rural tourism development on cultural heritage and local communities in historical cities and surrounding areas of agricultural heritage sites. The main purpose of this study was analyzing the relationship between agricultural heritages and environmental sustainability of tourism. Statistical population of the study was rural households in Baghmalek and Izeh township located at Khuzestan province (N=484). Sample size determined via sample size table of Bartlett et al. (2001). (n=218). The proportional stratified sampling method was used for the study of samples. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Content validity of questionnaire revised and verified by a panel of experts. Also, values of discriminant validity (AVE), Cronbach’s Alpha and composite validity were desirable. Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that agricultural heritage has a positive and significant effect (p value=0.01) on the environmental sustainability of tourism. So that agricultural heritage and its components (tangible and intangible heritages) explained 21.3% variation of environmental sustainability. Therefore it is necessary that authorities, planners, and all stakeholders always consider impacts of rural tourism development on cultural heritage and local communities in historical cities and surrounding areas of agricultural heritage sites.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4738_dce2164187807e2fcaa016cad70af6b8.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Factors Influencing the Environmental Behavior of Farmers: A Case Study in Greenhouse Cucumber Production Systems Factors Influencing the Environmental Behavior of Farmers: A Case Study in Greenhouse Cucumber Production Systems 23 36 4739 FA Hadi Veisi Research Centre of Education for Environmentally Sustainable Development, Department of Agroecology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2017 08 15 The primary purpose of the study was to determine the factors affecting the environmental behavior of farmers cucumber production systems of Tehran, Iran. The research framework was developed based on the farm health model for assessing the environmental behaviors of farmers in conversation with the planned behavior model for exploring the factors influencing on their environmental behavior. A survey with a sample of 124 operators selected by clustering sampling was undertaken in Tehran province. Findings revealed that the growers of cucumber greenhouse implemented the measures of integrated soil, plant nutrient, and pest management. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the influence of exogenous factors, farm and farmer characteristics upon the environmental behavior of 124 cucumber growers. Analyses revealed that environmental behaviors were influenced by external factors (extension services) as well as the age, mechanization level, social participation; and the feasibility of technologies. However, impacts of farmer characteristics including attitude and economic condition on EB of cucumbers growers were significant respectively. Finally, consideration of these variables as determinant factors in a ‘targeted policy approach’ involving two suggestions is recommended to promote the environmental behavior of farmers. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the factors affecting the environmental behavior of farmers cucumber production systems of Tehran, Iran. The research framework was developed based on the farm health model for assessing the environmental behaviors of farmers in conversation with the planned behavior model for exploring the factors influencing on their environmental behavior. A survey with a sample of 124 operators selected by clustering sampling was undertaken in Tehran province. Findings revealed that the growers of cucumber greenhouse implemented the measures of integrated soil, plant nutrient, and pest management. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the influence of exogenous factors, farm and farmer characteristics upon the environmental behavior of 124 cucumber growers. Analyses revealed that environmental behaviors were influenced by external factors (extension services) as well as the age, mechanization level, social participation; and the feasibility of technologies. However, impacts of farmer characteristics including attitude and economic condition on EB of cucumbers growers were significant respectively. Finally, consideration of these variables as determinant factors in a ‘targeted policy approach’ involving two suggestions is recommended to promote the environmental behavior of farmers.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4739_1b2c07dc6debec79bebc27c294af0c59.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 The Effect of Education on Shiite Jurisprudential Issues in the Field of Plants and Trees on Students' Environmental Awareness, Attitude, and Behavior The Effect of Education on Shiite Jurisprudential Issues in the Field of Plants and Trees on Students' Environmental Awareness, Attitude, and Behavior 37 46 4740 FA Mohammad Sadegh Jamshidi Rad Theology and Islamic Studies Department, Payame Noor University Journal Article 2017 11 14 The purpose of this study was to determine “The Effect of Education on Shiite jurisprudential issues in the Field of Plants and Trees on students' Environmental Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior. The type of research is an applied method, and this study was carried out using a semi-experimental method in the form of pre-test and post-test of two intervention and control groups. The sample consisted of 40 Students of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran Branch who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups of 20 people each. The intervention included training the integration of religious discussions and Shiite jurisprudence related to plants and trees to the students of the experimental group for 8 hours, over a three-month period. For both groups, pretest and posttest were performed. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Experts confirmed its content validity in the field of environment, Quran and Hadith scholars, jurisprudence and Islamic law and theology. The reliability of the questionnaires was also tested by performing a test on a group of 20 and using Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.78 for Awareness, for the attitude of 0.74 and 0.82 for behavior. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics such as dependent t and independent t-tests. Based on the results of statistical tests, the teaching of Shiite jurisprudence issues related to the protection of plants and trees on all three variables had a positive and significant effect on environmental awareness, attitude, and behavior of the intervention group. The purpose of this study was to determine “The Effect of Education on Shiite jurisprudential issues in the Field of Plants and Trees on students' Environmental Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior. The type of research is an applied method, and this study was carried out using a semi-experimental method in the form of pre-test and post-test of two intervention and control groups. The sample consisted of 40 Students of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran Branch who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups of 20 people each. The intervention included training the integration of religious discussions and Shiite jurisprudence related to plants and trees to the students of the experimental group for 8 hours, over a three-month period. For both groups, pretest and posttest were performed. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Experts confirmed its content validity in the field of environment, Quran and Hadith scholars, jurisprudence and Islamic law and theology. The reliability of the questionnaires was also tested by performing a test on a group of 20 and using Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.78 for Awareness, for the attitude of 0.74 and 0.82 for behavior. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics such as dependent t and independent t-tests. Based on the results of statistical tests, the teaching of Shiite jurisprudence issues related to the protection of plants and trees on all three variables had a positive and significant effect on environmental awareness, attitude, and behavior of the intervention group.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4740_482bfa1e500890193194bfbf3ab49143.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Lived Experiences of Primary School Students of Water Consumption Phenomenon Lived Experiences of Primary School Students of Water Consumption Phenomenon 47 60 4741 FA Neda Rajaeian Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Narges Keshtiaray Associate Professor Department of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan Branch), Mohammad Ali Nadi Department of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2017 04 05 The present study was an attempt to investigate the elementary school students’ lived experiences with water use. This study was qualitative research conducted through the phenomenological approach. The study population covered third-grade female students in public schools of District 3 in the city of Isfahan. 22 students were selected as informants through purposive sampling until the point of theoretical saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed at open, axial and selective levels after being codified. The findings were classified into three sections of attitude, awareness, and performance. The results indicated that in the attitude section, students considered water as a valuable and respectful blessing in life. In the awareness section, the methods of water production in the nature, optimal use methods, and the disadvantages of water pollution were discussed. In the performance section, the means such as responsibility, promotion of correct consumption culture, education of optimized consumption, saving, water sanitation, and elimination of waste and water pollution can be useful in modifying undesirable behavior patterns. In general, considering the aspects mentioned above can lead students toward the correct model of water consumption. The present study was an attempt to investigate the elementary school students’ lived experiences with water use. This study was qualitative research conducted through the phenomenological approach. The study population covered third-grade female students in public schools of District 3 in the city of Isfahan. 22 students were selected as informants through purposive sampling until the point of theoretical saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed at open, axial and selective levels after being codified. The findings were classified into three sections of attitude, awareness, and performance. The results indicated that in the attitude section, students considered water as a valuable and respectful blessing in life. In the awareness section, the methods of water production in the nature, optimal use methods, and the disadvantages of water pollution were discussed. In the performance section, the means such as responsibility, promotion of correct consumption culture, education of optimized consumption, saving, water sanitation, and elimination of waste and water pollution can be useful in modifying undesirable behavior patterns. In general, considering the aspects mentioned above can lead students toward the correct model of water consumption.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4741_af696b554e9225213d4ac315f0b48f63.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 The Effect of Ecotourism Education and Promotion to Environmental Protection (Case study: Education of Female Students in District 18 of Tehran) The Effect of Ecotourism Education and Promotion to Environmental Protection (Case study: Education of Female Students in District 18 of Tehran) 61 78 4742 FA Rasoul Heidari Sorshjani University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Reza Dehghani Bidgol University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Azemat Asheri University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Elham Rahmani Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2017 07 02 Appropriate environmental education is one of the essential principles for protecting the environment. One of the most critical environmental issues of teaching is knowing how to use solutions for effective behavior the people towards the environment, and their commitment to nature and the environment has increased. This study attempts to influence the implementation of environmental education programs outside the classroom (Ecotourism) in the behavior of students in Tehran transplantation with nature itself. The research method was semi-experimental using the single group design that much of it conducted in the field and consisted of 74 high school students in the second period. Tools for data collection in addition to observing interviews from a questionnaire achieved its validity by experts reliability by using Cronbach studied were(Alpha=0/82) for data analysis by SPSS19 software to descriptive statistics from the T-test was used to compare the nature will increase. The results showed that all 26 questions in 4 whole were designed to change attitudes and to change behavior shows significantly. So Focus on the way of environmental education could make a difference in students' relationship with the natural environment will be. Will increase their commitment to preserving nature. Appropriate environmental education is one of the essential principles for protecting the environment. One of the most critical environmental issues of teaching is knowing how to use solutions for effective behavior the people towards the environment, and their commitment to nature and the environment has increased. This study attempts to influence the implementation of environmental education programs outside the classroom (Ecotourism) in the behavior of students in Tehran transplantation with nature itself. The research method was semi-experimental using the single group design that much of it conducted in the field and consisted of 74 high school students in the second period. Tools for data collection in addition to observing interviews from a questionnaire achieved its validity by experts reliability by using Cronbach studied were(Alpha=0/82) for data analysis by SPSS19 software to descriptive statistics from the T-test was used to compare the nature will increase. The results showed that all 26 questions in 4 whole were designed to change attitudes and to change behavior shows significantly. So Focus on the way of environmental education could make a difference in students' relationship with the natural environment will be. Will increase their commitment to preserving nature.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4742_38e1234536f92d41352a6484355f6de5.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Dominant Discourse Factors on Ayatollah Khamenei’s Environmental Thoughts Dominant Discourse Factors on Ayatollah Khamenei’s Environmental Thoughts 79 90 4743 FA Hassan Majidi University of Imam Sadeq (AS), Tehran, Iran Seyed Mahdi Mousavinia University of Imam Sadeq (AS), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2016 12 22 This paper aims to make known Ayatollah Khamenei, s environmental thoughts. It answers this fundamental Question: What are the dominant discourse factors on Ayatollah Khamenei’s environmental ideas? By using of under consideration views in the field of environmental valuation. The method of this study is Laclau and, Mouffe discourse analysis. The findings of this paper show that Ayatollah Khamenei sees the issue of the environment from spiritual and political aspects. In the framework of this discourse by Ayatollah Khamenei in the field of environment tendency; religion element is as nodal point proving and it's people-oriented, the revolutionary mentality; and rationality as the other points and factors are articulated with religion. This providing changed to dominant meaning in society by public informing; making legal and observing methods, suitable pattern making, empower and making convergence in executive power, enjoying of scientific studies and enabling of environmental diplomacy. Because of the absence of divine looking in using of the environment in west discourse, is located in the discursive field and became the competitor of Ayatollah Khamenei,s view. This paper aims to make known Ayatollah Khamenei, s environmental thoughts. It answers this fundamental Question: What are the dominant discourse factors on Ayatollah Khamenei’s environmental ideas? By using of under consideration views in the field of environmental valuation. The method of this study is Laclau and, Mouffe discourse analysis. The findings of this paper show that Ayatollah Khamenei sees the issue of the environment from spiritual and political aspects. In the framework of this discourse by Ayatollah Khamenei in the field of environment tendency; religion element is as nodal point proving and it's people-oriented, the revolutionary mentality; and rationality as the other points and factors are articulated with religion. This providing changed to dominant meaning in society by public informing; making legal and observing methods, suitable pattern making, empower and making convergence in executive power, enjoying of scientific studies and enabling of environmental diplomacy. Because of the absence of divine looking in using of the environment in west discourse, is located in the discursive field and became the competitor of Ayatollah Khamenei,s view.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4743_00212cc2c8866f0e6d3ca4f229d76e0b.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 The Effect of Training on Health, Safety and Environment Issues on the Level of Awareness and Behavior of Employees in a Zinc Manufacturing Factory The Effect of Training on Health, Safety and Environment Issues on the Level of Awareness and Behavior of Employees in a Zinc Manufacturing Factory 91 104 4744 FA Maryam Larijani Department of Environmental Education, Payame noor University Journal Article 2017 12 02 The lack of sufficient awareness of the employees about safety, health and environmental guidelines at the work environment and consequently their non-standard behaviors in the areas mentioned above results in damage to themselves, the environment and their employers. Since education can play an effective role in promoting awareness and behavioral change among individuals, a study was conducted to determine “the impact of training on safety, health and environmental issues on the level of Awareness and behavior of employees in a zinc manufacturing Factory.” The present study was carried out using a quasi-experimental method with a test group. In this study, 26 employees of the ingot manufacturing unit in a Zinc factory who were selected by random sampling as a sample group was involved in the educational intervention in the areas of safety, health, and environment. Information gathering tools were researcher-made questionnaires on workers' knowledge and behavior, whose validity and reliability was obtained before the study, as well as the OSHA form for collecting records of recordable events to determine their safety performance. The Data analyzed by SPSS software version 22. The dependent t and Wilcoxon tests were used. The results of the tests showed that knowledge scores, behavior measurement, and the level of the safety performance of the workers after the training were improved and the practice was effective. The lack of sufficient awareness of the employees about safety, health and environmental guidelines at the work environment and consequently their non-standard behaviors in the areas mentioned above results in damage to themselves, the environment and their employers. Since education can play an effective role in promoting awareness and behavioral change among individuals, a study was conducted to determine “the impact of training on safety, health and environmental issues on the level of Awareness and behavior of employees in a zinc manufacturing Factory.” The present study was carried out using a quasi-experimental method with a test group. In this study, 26 employees of the ingot manufacturing unit in a Zinc factory who were selected by random sampling as a sample group was involved in the educational intervention in the areas of safety, health, and environment. Information gathering tools were researcher-made questionnaires on workers' knowledge and behavior, whose validity and reliability was obtained before the study, as well as the OSHA form for collecting records of recordable events to determine their safety performance. The Data analyzed by SPSS software version 22. The dependent t and Wilcoxon tests were used. The results of the tests showed that knowledge scores, behavior measurement, and the level of the safety performance of the workers after the training were improved and the practice was effective.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4744_a595d36691501bb9451534f4f00c199c.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Analysis of the Model of Environmental Behavior Model among Visitors of the Shorabil Tourism Area in Ardabil Province Analysis of the Model of Environmental Behavior Model among Visitors of the Shorabil Tourism Area in Ardabil Province 105 120 4745 FA Mojtaba Sookhtanlou Department of Water Engineering and Agricultural Management, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Nejat Vahedi University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Journal Article 2017 12 03 The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the model of environmental behavior and the relationships among it's affecting factors and among visitors of the Shorabil tourism area in Ardabil province. The method of this study is descriptive-survey. The statistical population consisted of all visitors who came to the Shorabil Tourism Area. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula was used in conditions with an unknown population size that the sample size was 320 (n = 320). Data were gathered in three different stages (multi-stage method) during July, August, and September (2017) using a simple random sampling method. The content validity of the research instrument (questionnaire) was evaluated using of experts and calculation of the AVE index. Also, the calculated values of discernment validity and reliability of the research instrument were also performed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, which was of acceptable cost. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings showed that the majority of visitors (32.8%) had a relatively favorable environmental behavior. According to the results of the analysis of structural equations, knowledge, attitude, intention, and environmental perception variables, along with variables of education level and satisfaction of opportunities and opportunities, explain 59% of changes in the variance of environmental behavior variable. The most critical variables that describe the environmental behavior are essential, including environmental intention (path coefficient: 55.7%) in the role of a mediator variable, education (path coefficient: 38.1%), and satisfaction of facilities and opportunities (coefficient Path: 30.8%). The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the model of environmental behavior and the relationships among it's affecting factors and among visitors of the Shorabil tourism area in Ardabil province. The method of this study is descriptive-survey. The statistical population consisted of all visitors who came to the Shorabil Tourism Area. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula was used in conditions with an unknown population size that the sample size was 320 (n = 320). Data were gathered in three different stages (multi-stage method) during July, August, and September (2017) using a simple random sampling method. The content validity of the research instrument (questionnaire) was evaluated using of experts and calculation of the AVE index. Also, the calculated values of discernment validity and reliability of the research instrument were also performed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, which was of acceptable cost. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings showed that the majority of visitors (32.8%) had a relatively favorable environmental behavior. According to the results of the analysis of structural equations, knowledge, attitude, intention, and environmental perception variables, along with variables of education level and satisfaction of opportunities and opportunities, explain 59% of changes in the variance of environmental behavior variable. The most critical variables that describe the environmental behavior are essential, including environmental intention (path coefficient: 55.7%) in the role of a mediator variable, education (path coefficient: 38.1%), and satisfaction of facilities and opportunities (coefficient Path: 30.8%).

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4745_1344341f99dc54919dbcc40bf4f903a6.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Local Participation and Ecotourism Development (An Empirical Study in Jannat Roodbar Village) Local Participation and Ecotourism Development (An Empirical Study in Jannat Roodbar Village) 121 136 4746 FA Sadegh Salehi Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran Leila Ebrahimi Azad University, Calous Branch, Calous, Iran Naser Fattahi Azad University, Calous Branch, Calous, Iran Journal Article 2017 04 06 This research aims at finding an answer to the following questions: What are residents’ attitudes towards ecotourism development? What are social- economic and environmental effects of ecotourism on the local community? Is there any possibility for ecotourism in Janatroodbar district? How will much local community support ecotourism development? This survey has been conducted in JannatRoodbar. To conduct this research, a survey method was utilized as well as documentary method. The population of the study consisted of all residents of JannatRoodbar in Ramsar in 2016. The results of the study show that: First, local people’s attitudes towards ecotourism is highly positive. Second, the local community is aware of the social, economic and environmental effects of the ecotourism. Third, based on Doss’s theoretical model, there is a possibility to develop ecotourism in JannantRoodbar district. However, there is a fragility problem for this destination. Fourth, the level of the community’s support for ecotourism is very high. This research aims at finding an answer to the following questions: What are residents’ attitudes towards ecotourism development? What are social- economic and environmental effects of ecotourism on the local community? Is there any possibility for ecotourism in Janatroodbar district? How will much local community support ecotourism development? This survey has been conducted in JannatRoodbar. To conduct this research, a survey method was utilized as well as documentary method. The population of the study consisted of all residents of JannatRoodbar in Ramsar in 2016. The results of the study show that: First, local people’s attitudes towards ecotourism is highly positive. Second, the local community is aware of the social, economic and environmental effects of the ecotourism. Third, based on Doss’s theoretical model, there is a possibility to develop ecotourism in JannantRoodbar district. However, there is a fragility problem for this destination. Fourth, the level of the community’s support for ecotourism is very high.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4746_09e432ff8d64359f240983ec407d989e.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Collecting the Strategies to Stabilize the Livelihood of Small-Scale Farmers and Training Common Strategies Considering Sustainability and Vulnerability in Drought Conditions Collecting the Strategies to Stabilize the Livelihood of Small-Scale Farmers and Training Common Strategies Considering Sustainability and Vulnerability in Drought Conditions 137 156 4747 FA Moslem Savari Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Hosein Shabanali Fami Department of Agricultural Management and Development, University of Tehran Hooshang Iravani Department of Agricultural Management and Development, University of Tehran Ali Asadi Department of Agricultural Management and Development, University of Tehran Journal Article 2016 12 03 This research conducted with the overall object of collecting the Strategies to Stabilize the Livelihood of Small-Scale Farmers in Drought Conditions in Kurdistan Province. Based on the results of the research, the most important strengths and weaknesses of stabilizing livelihood in drought conditions were "good infrastructure, diversification of production and development of complementary and non-farm activities in the province" and "reduction of economic and productive power of agricultural families due to repeated drought" in order. Also, the most paramount opportunities and threats in this field were "development and promotion of drought insurance in the country (cattle, pasture, and crops)" and"lack of organizational structure to monitor the effects of climate change on rural livelihoods." After determining appropriate strategies using quantitative matrix management (QSPM) the attractiveness of each of the strategies identified that the most important strategies were"diversification of sources of livelihood and non-farm activities associated with the greenhouse farming using the right infrastructure in the province" and"collecting the proper plans of capacity-creating in agricultural communities to cope with risks through clustering of rural knowledge and development of the infrastructure needed to maintain livelihood". According to results the establishment of strategic space in Agricultural Organization was the strategy shift, withdrawal or reduction, development, and diversification, in order. Moreover, decision tree analysis showed that two variables, stability, and vulnerability could make agricultural strategies separated from each other with a prediction accuracy of 69.7%. This research conducted with the overall object of collecting the Strategies to Stabilize the Livelihood of Small-Scale Farmers in Drought Conditions in Kurdistan Province. Based on the results of the research, the most important strengths and weaknesses of stabilizing livelihood in drought conditions were "good infrastructure, diversification of production and development of complementary and non-farm activities in the province" and "reduction of economic and productive power of agricultural families due to repeated drought" in order. Also, the most paramount opportunities and threats in this field were "development and promotion of drought insurance in the country (cattle, pasture, and crops)" and"lack of organizational structure to monitor the effects of climate change on rural livelihoods." After determining appropriate strategies using quantitative matrix management (QSPM) the attractiveness of each of the strategies identified that the most important strategies were"diversification of sources of livelihood and non-farm activities associated with the greenhouse farming using the right infrastructure in the province" and"collecting the proper plans of capacity-creating in agricultural communities to cope with risks through clustering of rural knowledge and development of the infrastructure needed to maintain livelihood". According to results the establishment of strategic space in Agricultural Organization was the strategy shift, withdrawal or reduction, development, and diversification, in order. Moreover, decision tree analysis showed that two variables, stability, and vulnerability could make agricultural strategies separated from each other with a prediction accuracy of 69.7%.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4747_939cbc726732f89cbf50d9801356d96a.pdf

Payame Noor University Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development 2322-3057 6 3 2018 05 22 Assess the Achievement of the Objectives of Crisis Management Training (Environment) in Earthquake-Prone Areas Emphasizing the Earthquake in Kermanshah Province Assess the Achievement of the Objectives of Crisis Management Training (Environment) in Earthquake-Prone Areas Emphasizing the Earthquake in Kermanshah Province 157 167 4748 FA Farhood Hamidi Farahani Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Seyed Mohammad Shobeiri Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Maryam Larijani Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Mahdieh Rezaei Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 02 06 The purpose of this study was to assess the achievement of educational objectives for management of the crisis (environment) in the earthquake-stricken area of Kermanshah province. The research method of this paper is a survey, and the statistical population is the citizens living in SarPol-e-Zahab, the NGOs involved in the Kermanshah earthquake and environmentalists with a sample size of 525 people. The survey tool is a closed questionnaire with a Likert scale and a distance scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through internal matching of the items (Cronbach's alpha). Findings showed that about 63% of respondents believe that awareness raising in the environmental field is essential, but 97% of respondents believe that triple action (government, NGO, and people) in the areas of the earthquake is not acceptable in the field of increasing awareness. Also, about 67% believe that promotion of knowledge in environmental issues is of great importance, with 80% of respondents acknowledging that the performance of this category in poorly seized areas has been weak. About 68% of respondents believe that positive attitudes toward environmental issues are necessary, and 72% think that the importance of this in earthquake areas is weak and very weak. Approximately 70% of respondents considered skills to be necessary, but 79% believed that the field was weak. In sum, the achievement of environmental education goals in a critical and realistic situation (SarPol-e- Zahab earthquake), which is considered in this paper, is in a fragile state. The purpose of this study was to assess the achievement of educational objectives for management of the crisis (environment) in the earthquake-stricken area of Kermanshah province. The research method of this paper is a survey, and the statistical population is the citizens living in SarPol-e-Zahab, the NGOs involved in the Kermanshah earthquake and environmentalists with a sample size of 525 people. The survey tool is a closed questionnaire with a Likert scale and a distance scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through internal matching of the items (Cronbach's alpha). Findings showed that about 63% of respondents believe that awareness raising in the environmental field is essential, but 97% of respondents believe that triple action (government, NGO, and people) in the areas of the earthquake is not acceptable in the field of increasing awareness. Also, about 67% believe that promotion of knowledge in environmental issues is of great importance, with 80% of respondents acknowledging that the performance of this category in poorly seized areas has been weak. About 68% of respondents believe that positive attitudes toward environmental issues are necessary, and 72% think that the importance of this in earthquake areas is weak and very weak. Approximately 70% of respondents considered skills to be necessary, but 79% believed that the field was weak. In sum, the achievement of environmental education goals in a critical and realistic situation (SarPol-e- Zahab earthquake), which is considered in this paper, is in a fragile state.

https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4748_ce17ae80f2edddfbb8b6d62365677533.pdf