Environmental Education
Faezeh Amjadian; Fathollah Rahimi; Ismail Shahsoundi; Mojtaba Asgharian
Abstract
One of the concerns regarding the environment is the pollution caused by the extraction and transportation of oil products. In this regard, paying attention to international oil contracts is crucial. The observance of the principles of environmental law in oil contracts affects reduction of oil pollution, ...
Read More
One of the concerns regarding the environment is the pollution caused by the extraction and transportation of oil products. In this regard, paying attention to international oil contracts is crucial. The observance of the principles of environmental law in oil contracts affects reduction of oil pollution, and the role of these contracts in adjusting the behaviors of the parties must be monitored. Insertion of responsibility for compliance with environmental principles in oil contracts means recognition or the possible aggrieved party, determining the pollutant, facilitating the legal process in favor of the aggrieved party, and protecting their rights in regards of receiving compensation or restoration. Determining the guarantee of proper execution for oil pollution in oil contracts, will obligate the parties to use standards that will reduce oil pollution. These standards are the governing principles over the environmental regulations such as the principle of prevention, the principle of public action, the principle of joint responsibility, the principle of transparency, the principle of compensation by the polluter, and the principle of precautionary approach which will be imperative in the document text; their implementation will reduce oil pollution and gradually eradicate it. In this article, using the Descriptive-analytical method, the implementation of oil contracts in the light of environmental standards in US and Iranian law is examined and environmental challenges and solutions to upstream oil contracts are presented.
Environmental Education
Elham Heidarzadeh; Akbar Varvaii; Mansour Pournouri; Naser Ghasemi
Abstract
The main issue presented in this article, which is going to review the rights to a healthy environment and the prohibition of air pollution, in particular dust, now has become an issue that needs national solidity and regional interactions for a solution; and to enable the decrease of the pollution for ...
Read More
The main issue presented in this article, which is going to review the rights to a healthy environment and the prohibition of air pollution, in particular dust, now has become an issue that needs national solidity and regional interactions for a solution; and to enable the decrease of the pollution for the affected countries as well. Dust is a phenomenon that is the result of an environmental crisis. The absence of international rules, as well as uncertainty in states’ obligations toward each other, have complicated this crisis on the regional and international levels. The main goal of this article is first, recognizing the Customary and general principles that are existing in Iranian laws to arrange regional programs to decrease and diminish the dust phenomenon. Second, the article intends to raise sensitivity in people toward the critical and dangerous conditions of environmental pollutions. Third, it is going to lay legal and executive grounds to increase the local institutions and international organizations’ responsibilities for such issues. However, the main question in this article, with descriptive-analytical approach, is: in the absence of binding and identified international and regional obligations regarding dust, in what ways affected governments could protect the right to a healthy environment for their citizens? Based on this question, one can conclude that even though the affected governments do not maintain reciprocating conventions, the international customary law and local legal general principles of those countries conform to the governments’ obligation; and suggest that they take action against any harm, in particular, the environmental irreparable harm to their citizens.
