An Analysis of Methods and Technologies for Improving Electrochemical Remediation in Contaminated Soils in Order to Achieve Green Technology, a New Step In Sustainable Environmental Development

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Master of Science Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Recently, many concerns have been raised about the soil contamination as a result of anthropogenic activities associated with the environment. Heavy metals and organic pollutants are the most important pollutants released into the environment. Therefore, to achieve a cost-effective and sustainable technique to remove contaminants is necessary. The Electrokinetic remediation in the development and application of green technologies is able to remove a wide range of pollutants or converting them into compounds with lower toxicity. On the other hand, communication media, as informative tools, can affect social change. This article is intended to be a practical purpose by utilizing the media tool and in the framework of environmental communication through a descriptive-analytical method of the documentary type. This paper also considers the fundamental concepts of electrochemical remediation, considering the challenges facing this process, which leads to reduced efficiency. The removal of pollutants will examine the various techniques and technologies used in electrokinetic to improve the remediation efficiency. At the end of the research, future work to improve the electrokinetic is presented. According to the results of this paper, electrokinetic coupled with various detergents and chemical & biological oxidants greatly helps keep pollutants in solution form by adjusting soil pH. While increasing the efficiency of removing pollutants, and enabling a reduction in energy consumption. While the use of Geo-Synthetic materials reduces electrode corrosion significantly. Also, biological methods, while increasing biodegradability of disintegrating pollutants makes possible to convert electrokinetic into a green technology using a variety of environmentally eco-friendly adsorbent mixtures.

Keywords

References

Acar, Y. B. & Alshawabkeh, A. N. (1993). “Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environmental science & technology”. 27, 2638-2647.
Alcántara, M., Gómez, J., Pazos, M. & Sanromán, M. (2012). “Electrokinetic remediation of lead and phenanthrene polluted soils”. Geoderma, 173, 128-133.
Alshawabkeh, A. N., Yeung, A. T. & Bricka, M. R. (1999). “Practical aspects of in-situ electrokinetic extraction”. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 125, 27-35.
Ammami, M., Portet-Koltalo, F., Benamar, A., Duclairoir-Poc, C., Wang, H. & Le Derf, F. (2015). “Application of biosurfactants and periodic voltage gradient for enhanced electrokinetic remediation of metals and PAHs in dredged marine sediments”. Chemosphere, 125, 1-8.
Asadollahfardi, G., Nasrollahi, M., Rezaee, M. & Darban, A. K. (2017). “Nickel removal from low permeable kaolin soil under unenhanced and EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic process”. Advances in Environmental Research, 6, 147-158.
Bahemmat, M., Farahbakhsh, M. & Kianirad, M. (2016). “Humic substances-enhanced electroremediation of heavy metals contaminated soil”. Journal of hazardous materials, 312, 307-318.
Bashiri, E. (2017). “Investigating the application of green technology in separation processes”. National Conference on Science and Engineering, Separation, Fourth[In Persian].
Blaser, P., Zimmermann, S., Luster, J. & Shotyk, W. (2000). “Critical examination of trace element enrichments and depletions in soils: As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Swiss forest soils”. Science of the Total Environment, 249, 257-280.
Cameselle, C. & Reddy, K. R. (2013). “Effects of periodic electric potential and electrolyte recirculation on electrochemical remediation of contaminant mixtures in clayey soils”. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224, 1636.
Cameselle, C. (2015). “Enhancement of electro-osmotic flow during the electrokinetic treatment of a contaminated soil”. Electrochimica Acta, 181, 31-38.
Cang, L., Fan, G.-P., Zhou, D.-M. & Wang, Q.-Y. (2013). “Enhanced-electrokinetic remediation of copper–pyrene co-contaminated soil with different oxidants and pH control”. Chemosphere, 90, 2326-2331.
Carroll, C. E. & Mccombs, M. (2003). “Agenda-setting effects of business news on the public's images and opinions about major corporations”. Corporate reputation review, 6, 36-46.
Chadwick, S. S. (1988). “Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry”. Reference Services Review, 16, 31-34.
Cheng, M., Zeng, G., Huang, D., Lai, C., Xu, P., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Wan, J., Gong, X. & Zhu, Y. (2016). “Degradation of atrazine by a novel Fenton-like process and assessment the influence on the treated soil”. Journal of hazardous materials, 312, 184-191.
Chirakkara, R. A., Reddy, K. R. & Cameselle, C. (2015). “Electrokinetic amendment in phytoremediation of mixed contaminated soil”. Electrochimica Acta, 181, 179-191.
Chowdhury, A. I. (2016). “Hydraulic and Electrokinetic Delivery of Remediants for In-situ Remediation”.
Da Rocha, U. N., Tótola, M. R., Pessoa, D. M. M., Júnior, J. T. A., Neves, J. C. L. & Borges, A. C. (2009). “Mobilisation of bacteria in a fine-grained residual soil by electrophoresis”. Journal of hazardous materials, 161, 485-491.
Dabiri, F. & Vahednavan, A. (2011). “Media and Development of Environmental Laws”. Media Studies[In Persian].
Delnavaz, M., Sarmadi, M. S., Yazdani, M. & Sadeghi, A. H. (2017). “Studying the Efficiency of Deep Aerators Performance as a Replacement for Surface Aerators in Aerated Lagoons Process, a Step through Human Force Training in Water and Wastewater Industry”. Environmental Education & Sustainable Development, 5, 105-119. [In Persian]
Fan, C., Gao, Y., Zhang, Y., Dong, W. & Lai, M. (2018). “Remediation of lead and cadmium from simulated groundwater in loess region in northwestern China using permeable reactive barrier filled with environmentally friendly mixed adsorbents”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 1486-1496.
Fan, G., Cang, L., Fang, G. & Zhou, D. (2014). “Surfactant and oxidant enhanced electrokinetic remediation of a PCBs polluted soil”. Separation and Purification Technology, 123, 106-113.
Fan, G., Cang, L., Gomes, H. I. & Zhou, D. (2016). “Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: Effect of different activation methods”. Chemosphere, 144, 138-147.
Fonseca, B., Pazos, M., Figueiredo, H., Tavares, T. & Sanromán, M. (2011). “Desorption kinetics of phenanthrene and lead from historically contaminated soil”. Chemical engineering journal, 167, 84-90.
Fu, R., Yang, Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, X., Guo, X. & Bi, D. (2015). “The removal of chromium (VI) and lead (II) from groundwater using sepiolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-NZVI)”. Chemosphere, 138, 726-734.
Gan, S., Lau, E. & Ng, H. (2009). “Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172, 532-549.
Gill, R., Harbottle, M. J., Smith, J. & Thornton, S. (2014). “Electrokinetic-enhanced bioremediation of organic contaminants: A review of processes and environmental applications”. Chemosphere, 107, 31-42.
Gomes, H. I., Dias-Ferreira, C. & Ribeiro, A. B. (2012). “Electrokinetic remediation of organochlorines in soil: enhancement techniques and integration with other remediation technologies”. Chemosphere, 87, 1077-1090.
Hahladakis, J. N., Lekkas, N., Smponias, A. & Gidarakos, E. (2014). “Sequential application of chelating agents and innovative surfactants for the enhanced electroremediation of real sediments from toxic metals and PAHs”. Chemosphere, 105, 44-52.
Hodges, D., Fourie, A., Thomas, D. & Reynolds, D. (2012). “Overcoming permanganate stalling during electromigration”. Journal of environmental engineering, 139, 677-684.
Holmberg, K., Shah, D. O. & Schwuger, M. J. (2002). “Handbook of applied surface and colloid chemistry”. John Wiley & Sons.
Huang, D., Xu, Q., Cheng, J., Lu, X. & Zhang, H. (2012). “Electrokinetic remediation and its combined technologies for removal of organic pollutants from contaminated soils”. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 7, 4528-4544.
Ishiguro, M. & Koopal, L. K. (2016). “Surfactant adsorption to soil components and soils”. Advances in colloid and interface science, 231, 59-102.
Izadi, M. (2009). “Rethoric in mass media, Hekmat & Marefat”. Hekmat & Marefat, 4, 15-19. [In Persian]
Jamshidi, Z., Golchin, A. & Pari-Zanganeh, A. (2013). “The effect of different levels of chromium and exposure time on growth parameters of earthworms”. Feyz, 16, 625-626. [In Persian]
Jones, C., Lamont-Black, J., Glendinning, S., Bergado, D., Eng, T., Fourie, A., Liming, H., Pugh, C., Romantshuk, M. & Simpanen, S. (2008). “Recent research and applications in the use of electrokinetic geosynthetics”. 4th European Geosynthetics Conference, Edinburgh, UK, 1-30.
Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I. & Dumat, C. (2017). “A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils”. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182, 247-268.
Khodadoust, A. P., Reddy, K. R. & Narla, O. (2006). “Cyclodextrin-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with 2, 4-dinitrotoluene”. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 132, 1043-1050.
Kim, G.-N., Kim, S.-S., Park, U.-R. & Moon, J.-K. (2015). “Decontamination of soil contaminated with cesium using electrokinetic-electrodialytic method.
Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development
Volume 7, Issue 1
October 2018
Pages 71-86

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics