Identification of the Dimensions and Components of Continuing Medical Education Based on Blended Learning with Sustainable Development Approach

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Educational Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor,Department of Educational Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The educational methods used in the retraining program and improving the level of professional capability of the medical community are one of the concerns in the field of health for sustainable development and quality assurance of health services. Blended learning is a thoughtful integration of e-learning and face-to-face learning, which in the field of continuing education in the medical community can play a significant role in improving the country's health system by improving the quality and quantity of education. This research is applied in terms of purpose and was conducted in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2019. To collect data, a combined method including three methods of documentary study, fuzzy Delphi, and survey was used. Sampling method was purposeful and 10 experts and scholars in the fields of continuing medical education and blended learning were interviewed using semi-structured interviews to achieve data saturation. To analyze the content, the qualitative content analysis was used in the first stage and fuzzy Delphi analysis in the second and third stages. At first, 218 initial codes were extracted, which were reduced to 78 codes after continuous review. The results of this qualitative research lead to the identification and introduction of 7 main dimension including institutional, educational management and resource support, technology and design, pedagogical, evaluation and feedback, ethics and learning templates for the continuing education model of the community based on blended learning as well as 28 components and 100 subcomponents. The results of this research can be considered by policy makers and planners in this field and can be used for sustainable development of community health.

Keywords


AbuSneineh, W. & Zairi, M. (2010). An evaluation framework for E-learning effectiveness in the Arab World.
Akbari Bourang, M., Ajam, A., Ja'fari Saani, H., Saberi, R., Shokouhi Fard, H. (2016). “Designing and Validating Quality Virtual Teaching Model in Higher Education System of Iran”. Qualitative Research in Curriculum, 1(2), 73-106. [In Persian]
Akkoyunlu, B. & Soylu, M. Y. (2008). “A study of student's perceptions in a blended learning environment based on different learning styles”. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 183-193.
Akkoyunlu, B. & Yılmaz-Soylu, M. (2008). “Development of a scale on learners' views on blended learning and its implementation process”. The Internet and Higher Education, 11(1), 26-32.
Akyüz, H. İ., & Samsa, S. (2009). “The effects of blended learning environment on the critical thinking skills of students”. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1744-1748.
Ataei, M., Saffarian-Hamedani, S. & Zameni, F. (2019). “Effective Teaching Model in Continuing Medical Education Programs”. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 29(176), 202-207. [In Persian]
Barghi, I., Maleki, H., Abbaspour, A., Zare'i, E., & Seraji, F. (2014). “Designing and Validation of Favorable Problem-Based Curriculum Pattern in E-Learning Universities a Combinational Study”. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences, 7(1), 63-68. [In Persian]
Barrett, H. C. (2007). “Researching electronic portfolios and learner engagement: The REFLECT initiative”. Journal of adolescent & adult literacy, 50(6), 436-449.
Bielawski, L., & Metcalf, D. S. (2003). Blended elearning: Integrating knowledge, performance, support, and online learning. Human Resource Development.
Boelens, R., Voet, M. & De Wever, B. (2018). “The design of blended learning in response to student diversity in higher education: Instructors’ views and use of differentiated instruction in blended learning”. Computers & Education, 120, 197-212.
Boettcher, J. V. (2007). “Ten core principles for designing effective learning environments: Insights from brain research and pedagogical theory”. Innovate: Journal of Online Education3(3), Article 2(1-8).
Bonk, C. J. & Graham, C. R. (2012). The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. John Wiley & Sons.
Buse, K., & Hawkes, S. (2015). “Health in the sustainable development goals: ready for a paradigm shift?”. Globalization and health, 11(1), 13-21.
Carman, J. M. (2002). Blended learning design: Five key ingredients. Retrieved August, 18, 2009.
Cheng, C. H., & Lin, Y. (2002). “Evaluating the best main battle tank using fuzzy decision theory with linguistic criteria evaluation”. European journal of operational research, 142(1), 174-186.
Chodorow, S. (2015). “Educators must take the electronic revolution seriously”. Academic medicine, 71(3), 221-226.
Dadgaran, N., Bagheri, M., & Ahmadi, A. (2020). “Identification of the Dimensions and Components of Medical Education System Enhancement at International Level Using Delphi Analysis”. Research in Medical Education, 12(1), 52-61. [In Persian]
Delaware A. (2018) Probability and Applied Statistics in Psychology and Educational Sciences. 26th ed. Tehran: Roshd Publisher; [In Persian].
Driscoll, M., Caliner, S., & Shank, P. (2008). “Hype versus reality in the boardroom: Why e-learning hasn’t lived up to its initial projections for penetrating the corporate environment”. The e-learning handbook: past promises, present challenges. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer, 29-54.
Firmstone, V. R., Elley, K. M., Skrybant, M. T., Fry‐Smith, A., Bayliss, S., & Torgerson, C. J. (2013). “Systematic review of the effectiveness of continuing dental professional development on learning, behavior, or patient outcomes”. Journal of dental education, 77(3), 300-315.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). “Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education”. American Journal of distance education, 15(1), 7-23.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2003). “A theory of critical inquiry in online distance education”. Handbook of distance education, 1, 113-127.
George‐Walker, L. D., & Keeffe, M. (2010). “Self‐determined blended learning: a case study of blended learning design”. Higher Education Research & Development, 29(1), 1-13.
Güzer, B., & Caner, H. (2014). “The past, present and future of blended learning: an in depth analysis of literature”. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 116, 4596-4603.
Habibi, A., Sarafrazi, A., & Izadyar, S. (2014). “Delphi technique theoretical framework in qualitative research”. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(4), 8-13.
Herrera, C. A., Olivos, T., Román, J. A., Larraín, A., Pizarro, M., Solís, N. & Riquelme, A. (2012). “Evaluación del ambiente educacional en programas de especialización médica”. Revista médica de Chile, 140(12), 1554-1561.
Hosseini Largani, S. M. & Mojtabazadeh, M. (2018). “Designing and validating a curriculum model for Higher Education System in Iran”. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 24(3), 23-51. [In Persian]
Huang, R, Ma, D. & Zhang, H. (2008). Toward a design theory of blended learning curriculum. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5169 LNCS, pp 66.
Huang, R. & Zhou, Y. (2006). Designing blended learning focused on knowledge category and learning activities. The handbook of blended learning: global perspectives, local designs, 296-310.
Huang, R., Ma, D., & Zhang, H. (2008). Towards a design theory of blended learning curriculum. In International Conference on Hybrid Learning and Education (pp. 66-78). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Jowsey, T., Foster, G., Cooper-Ioelu, P. & Jacobs, S. (2020). “Blended learning via distance in pre-registration nursing education: A scoping review”. Nurse Education in Practice, 102775.
Kerres, M., & Witt, C. D. (2003). “A didactical framework for the design of blended learning arrangements”. Journal of educational media, 28(2-3), 101-113.
Khan, B. H. (2004). “The People—Process—Product Continuum in E-Learning: The E-Learning P3 Model”. Educational Technology, 44(5), 33-40.
Köse, U. (2010). “A blended learning model supported with Web 2.0 technologies”. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 2794-2802.
Leidl, D. M., Ritchie, L., & Moslemi, N. (2020). “Blended learning in undergraduate nursing education–A scoping review”. Nurse Education Today, 86, 104318.
Masoumy, M., Ebadi, A., Daneshmandi, M. & Raisifar, A. (2011). “Concept mapping; modern teaching strategy in nursing education”. EDCBMJ, 4(1), 47-51.
Mirmoghtadaie, Z. & Ahmady, S. (2019). “The Effectiveness of Blended Learning in the Field of Medical Education: Explaining Dimensions and Components Based on Stakeholder Experiences”. Journal of Medical Education Development, 12(33), 26-33. [In Persian]
Mokhtari Nouri, J., Ebadi, A., Alhani, F. & Rejeh N. (2011). “Importance of role-model teaching in nursing students’ education”. Educ. Strategy Med. Sci. 3 (4),149-154. [In Persian]
Mosleh Amirdehi, H., Neyestani, M. R. & Jahanian, I. (2017). “The role of external evaluation on upgrading the quality of higher education system: Babol University of Medical Sciences case”. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 22(4), 99-111. [In Persian]
Park, S. Y. (2009). “An analysis of the technology acceptance model in understanding university students' behavioral intention to use e-learning”. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 12(3), 150-162.
Peck, C., McCall, M., McLaren, B. & Rotem, T. (2000). “Continuing medical education and continuing professional development: international comparisons”. Bmj, 320(7232), 432-435.
Qu, Y., Wang, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, X. (2008). Blended learning applying in university education. In International Conference on Hybrid Learning, Hong Kong.
Romanov, K. & Nevgi, A. (2008). “Student activity and learning outcomes in a virtual learning environment”. Learning Environments Research, 11(2), 153-162.
Shakurnia, A., Elhampour, H., Marashi, T. & Heidari Soureshjani, S. (2007). “Concordance of length and contents of continuing medical education programs with educational demands of practicing GPs in Khuzestan province”. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 7(1), 85-92. [In Persian]
Trapp, S. (2006). “Blended Learning Concepts-a Short Overview”. In Innovative Approaches for Learning and Knowledge Sharing, EC-TEL 2006 Workshops Proceedings (pp. 28-35).
Troha, F. J. (2002). “Bulletproof Instructional Design [R]: A Model for Blended Learning”. USDLa Journal16(5), n5.
Twomey, A. (2004). “Web-based teaching in nursing: lessons from the literature”. Nurse Education Today, 24(6), 452-458.
Wang, Y., Han, X., & Yang, J. (2015). “Revisiting the blended learning literature: Using a complex adaptive systems framework”. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 18(2), 380-393.
Wood, D. F. (2003). “ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Problem based learning”. Bmj, 326(7384), 328-330.
Yuen, A. H. (2011). “Exploring teaching approaches in blended learning”. Research & Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning6(1), 3-23.
Zareee-zavaraki, E. (2019). “Designing and Validating the Blended Learning Model with Emphasis on Digital Technologies for Students with Special Educational Needs”. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 9(34), 51-78. [In Persian].