کارکردهای اسطوره شناختی آب در ایران باستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه پیام نور

2 دانشگاه پیام نور

چکیده

عناصر اربعه و به ویژه آب از اصلی­ترین عناصر طبیعت و از حیاتی­ترین پدیده­هایی است که بشر با آن مواجه شده و ضرورت و اهمیت آن را دریافته است. در ادیان قبل از زرتشت و نیز در دین زرتشت آب همواره مقدس بوده و الهه­گان و ایزدانی از آن محافظت و مراقبت می­کرده­اند. بخش قابل توجهی از اسطوره­های ادیان باستانی ایران اختصاص به آب دارد. در نظام فرهنگی و زیستی دوره­های آغازین حیات، انسان برای شناخت و معرفی پدیده­های هستی از شیوه­های خاصی بهره می­گرفت که یکی از آنها اسطوره است. اسطوره­ها جزو اولین استدلال­ها و تبیین­های شناختی بشر اولیه برای مشخص کردن چیستی و جایگاه عناصر در دسترس و ناشناخته طبیعت هستند و بخشی از نظام معرفتی انسان در دوره آغاز زندگی بشری را در بر­ می­گیرند. دامنه کارکردهای اسطوره اغلب شناخت قالب‌های رفتاری انسان در همه ابعاد آن و توجیهی عمومی از پدیده‌های اجتماعی- فرهنگی پیرامون اوست؛ به عبارتی اسطوره­ها تصویر نمادین پدیده‌های طبیعت به زبانی محسوس و قابل رؤیت و بیان نمادین زیرساخت‌های اجتماعی و اندیشه مشترک در منابع باستانی و پیش از تاریخ‌­اند که در پیوند با آیین‌ها، رفتارها، اخلاقیات و مقررات نظام سنتی اجتماعی و خانوادگی، انعکاس خارجی و عینی می‌یابند؛ بنابراین می توان با اسطوره­ها نظام شناختی و معرفتی یک ملت و یا دین را بررسی کرد و دیدگاه­ها و عملکردهای آنان را سنجید. بر این اساس این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی سعی دارد تا پس از اشاره­ای اجمالی به اسطوره و کارکردهای معرفتی و هستی شناختی آن به بیان چیستی و هویت آب در باور ایرانیان باستان و در ادیان ایرانی به ویژه دین زرتشت بپردازد و کارکردهای اسطوره شناختی آن را در رابطه با بینش و نگرش ایرانیان به این پدیده طبیعی بیان نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Mythological Functions of the Water in Ancient Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Abbasi 1
  • M. Safari 1
  • L. Asgari 2
1 Payame Noor University
2 Payame Noor University
چکیده [English]

Arbia elements, and especially water, are the main elements of nature and one of the most critical phenomena that mankind faces with them and has found their necessity and importance. Water was always sacred in pre-Zoroastrian religions as well as in Zoroastrian religion, and the goddesses were protected it. A significant part of the mythology of ancient Iranian religions is devoted to water. In the cultural and biological system of the early periods of life, human beings have used certain methods for recognizing and introducing the phenomena of existence, one of which is myth. Myths are among the earliest initial cognitions and explanations of humankind to determine what is the status of the available and unknown elements of nature. In fact, they are the history of the fiction of different nations and the cultural system that expresses the general worldview of the world, its origin, the position of man in nature and part of the human epistemic system in the period of the beginning of human life. The scope of the functions of myth is often the recognition of human behavioral patterns in all its dimensions and the general justification of socio-cultural phenomena around it. In other words, myths are the symbolic image of the phenomena of nature in tangible and visible language, and the symbolic expression of social infrastructure and common thought in ancient and prehistoric that are reflected by associating with the rituals, behaviors, ethics and rules of the traditional social and family system. Thus, with myths, one can examine the cognitive system of a nation or religion and measure their views and actions. Accordingly, in this research, a descriptive-analytic approach has been used to express, first of all, with a brief overview of myth and their epistemic and ontological functions, to state what the water identity is in the beliefs of ancient Persians and in Iranian religions, especially Zoroastrianism, and cognitive functions  about the Iranian's insight and their attitude toward this natural phenomenon.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water
  • Myth
  • Mythological Functions
  • Ancient Iran
  • Zoroastrian Religion

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