ارائه مدل پارادایمی تجارت غیرقانونی حیات‌وحش از منظر گروداران (مطالعه موردی: بازار پرندگان وحشی فریدون‌کنار)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آموزش محیط‌زیست، گروه برنامه‌ریزی، مدیریت و آموزش محیط‌زیست، دانشکده تحصیلات تکمیلی محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

10.30473/ee.2023.64667.2547

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر تبیین پدیده «تجارت غیرقانونی حیات‌وحش» در بازار پرندگان وحشی فریدون‌کنار از منظر گروداران و ارائه رهیافت‌هایی جهت مقابله با آن با رویکرد کیفی به کمک روش «نظریه داده بنیاد» است. درراستای دستیابی به حقیقی‌ترین تصویر از واقعیت، الگوی 6 زنجیره‌ای که پیچیده‌ترین و مافیایی‌ترین الگوی حاکم بر گروداران بود، مبنای مطالعه قرار گرفت. ابزار پژوهش مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختاریافته و ملاک مصاحبه «داوطلب بودن» و مبنای اشباع نظری دستیابی به «حداکثر تنوع» و «تکراری شدن پاسخ‌ها» با حضور نمایندگانی از تمام گروه‌های گرودار اصلی بود. پس از مکتوب سازی مصاحبه‌ها، 104 کد باز و 20 کد محوری احصا شد. سپس کدهای محوری در قالب کدهای گزینشی مقوله‌بندی، فشرده‌سازی و به ارائه مدل پارادایمی نهایی انجامید. نتایج حاکی از آن است که شرایط زمینه‌ای تجارت غیرقانونی حیات‌وحش در بازار پرندگان وحشی فریدون‌کنار، «شکل‌گیری شبکه مافیایی»، «برخورد قهری محیط‌بانان با شکارچیان» و «کمبود بودجه، امکانات و نیروهای متخصص در سازمان حفاظت محیط‌زیست» است. شرایط مداخله‌گر «ناآگاهی جوامع محلی از آثار محیط‌زیستی شکار غیرمجاز» و «فساد اداری در سازمان حفاظت محیط‌زیست»، شرایط علی، «فقر و گرانی»، «اختلاف طبقات و تبعیض اجتماعی»، «تقاضای بازار، بازار سیاه گسترده و کم‌ریسک»، «کم‌رنگ شدن اخلاق محیط‌زیستی» و «نبود نظارت بر فضای سایبر» است. راهبردهای مقابله «آموزش و فرهنگ‌پروری»، «مدیریت مشارکتی محیط‌زیست و منابع طبیعی»، «بازنگری در نوع مواجه محیط‌بانان با شکارچیان»، «تنوع‌بخشی به اقتصاد جامعه محلی و کارآفرینی»، «بازنگری در قوانین» و «فراهم‌سازی زیرساخت‎های نوین شناسایی و ضبط محموله‌ها» و پیامدهای مقابله، «حفاظت از محیط‌زیست و پایداری منابع طبیعی»، «اشتغال‌زایی و تأمین پایدار معیشت جوامع محلی»، «بازتعریف و احیای هویت جوامع محلی» و «کاهش تضادها و تعارضات گروداران با محیط‌بانان» است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Presenting a Paradigmatic Model of Illegal Wildlife Trade from the Perspective of Stakeholders (Case Study: Fereydounkenar Wild Bird Market)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amirali Borouamand 1
  • Azita Farashi 2
1 M.Sc. Student in Environmental Education, Department of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this research is to explain the phenomenon of “Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT)” in the Fereydounkenar wild bird market from the perspective of stakeholders and to provide approaches to effectively address it. The research employed a qualitative approach using the “Grounded Theory” method. To achieve the most accurate depiction of reality, the six-chain stakeholder model—recognized as the most complex and mafia-like structure—was selected as the basis for the study. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted as the primary data collection tool, based on the criterion of “voluntariness” and aimed at achieving “maximum diversity” and “response saturation.” After transcribing the interviews, 104 open codes and 20 axial codes were identified. These were then categorized and condensed into selective codes, resulting in the presentation of the final paradigmatic model. The findings reveal that the contextual conditions for IWT include the formation of mafia networks, the confrontational approach of rangers toward hunters, and the lack of funding, facilities, and specialized personnel within the Department of Environment (DOE). Intervening conditions include local communities’ lack of awareness about the environmental impacts of illegal hunting and administrative corruption within the DOE. Causal conditions include poverty, class disparities and social discrimination, market demand, the existence of a widespread and low-risk black market, the erosion of environmental ethics, and the lack of cyber oversight. The proposed coping strategies are environmental education and awareness, participatory management of the environment and natural resources, revising ranger-hunter interaction protocols, diversifying the local economy through entrepreneurship, revising legal frameworks, and enhancing infrastructure for detection and seizure of wildlife shipments. The anticipated outcomes include environmental protection and the sustainability of natural resources, increased employment and livelihood security for local communities, redefining and revitalizing the identity of local populations, and reducing conflicts between stakeholders.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT)
  • Wildlife Trafficking
  • Biodiversity Extinction
  • Wet Market
  • Wild Bird Market

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فصلنامه علمی آموزش محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار
دوره 13، شماره 3
1404
صفحه 47-67

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